Database: Relationships
Introduction
Database tables are often related to one another. For example, a blog post may have many comments, or an order could be related to the user who placed it. Winter makes managing and working with these relationships easy and supports several different types of relationships.
NOTE: If you are selecting specific columns in your query and want to load relationships as well, you need to make sure that the columns that contain the keying data (i.e.
id
,foreign_key
, etc) are included in your select statement. Otherwise, Winter cannot connect the relations.
Defining relationships
Model relationships are defined as properties on your model classes. An example of defining relationships:
class User extends Model
{
public $hasMany = [
'posts' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\Post'
]
}
Relationships like models themselves, also serve as powerful query builders, accessing relationships as functions provides powerful method chaining and querying capabilities. For example:
$user->posts()->where('is_active', true)->get();
Accessing a relationship as a property is also possible:
$user->posts;
NOTE: All relationship queries have in-memory caching enabled by default. The
load($relation)
method won't force cache to flush. To reload the memory cache use thereloadRelations()
or thereload()
methods on the model object.
Detailed definitions
Each definition can be an array where the key is the relation name and the value is a detail array. The detail array's first value is always the related model class name and all other values are parameters that must have a key name.
public $hasMany = [
'posts' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Post', 'delete' => true]
];
The following are parameters that can be used with all relations:
Argument | Description |
---|---|
order |
sorting order for multiple records. |
conditions |
filters the relation using a raw where query statement. |
scope |
filters the relation using a supplied scope method. |
push |
if set to false, this relation will not be saved via push , default: true. |
delete |
if set to true, the related model will be deleted if the primary model is deleted or relationship is destroyed, default: false. |
detach |
if set to false the related model will not be automatically detached if the primary model is deleted or the relationship is destroyed. Used by belongsToMany , morphToMany and morphedByMany relationships only, default: true. |
count |
if set to true, the result contains a count column only, used for counting relations, default: false. |
Example filter using order and conditions:
public $belongsToMany = [
'categories' => [
'Acme\Blog\Models\Category',
'order' => 'name desc',
'conditions' => 'is_active = 1'
]
];
Example filter using scope:
class Post extends Model
{
public $belongsToMany = [
'categories' => [
'Acme\Blog\Models\Category',
'scope' => 'isActive'
]
];
}
class Category extends Model
{
public function scopeIsActive($query)
{
return $query->where('is_active', true)->orderBy('name', 'desc');
}
}
Example filter using count:
public $belongsToMany = [
'users' => ['Backend\Models\User'],
'users_count' => ['Backend\Models\User', 'count' => true]
];
Relationship types
The following relations types are available:
- One To One
- One To Many
- Many To Many
- Has Many Through
- Polymorphic relations
- Many To Many Polymorphic relations
One To One
A one-to-one relationship is a very basic relation. For example, a User
model might be associated with one Phone
. To define this relationship, we add a phone
entry to the $hasOne
property on the User
model.
<?php namespace Acme\Blog\Models;
use Model;
class User extends Model
{
public $hasOne = [
'phone' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\Phone'
];
}
Once the relationship is defined, we may retrieve the related record using the model property of the same name. These properties are dynamic and allow you to access them as if they were regular attributes on the model:
$phone = User::find(1)->phone;
The model assumes the foreign key of the relationship based on the model name. In this case, the Phone
model is automatically assumed to have a user_id
foreign key. If you wish to override this convention, you may pass the key
parameter to the definition:
public $hasOne = [
'phone' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Phone', 'key' => 'my_user_id']
];
Additionally, the model assumes that the foreign key should have a value matching the id
column of the parent. In other words, it will look for the value of the user's id
column in the user_id
column of the Phone
record. If you would like the relationship to use a value other than id
, you may pass the otherKey
parameter to the definition:
public $hasOne = [
'phone' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Phone', 'key' => 'my_user_id', 'otherKey' => 'my_id']
];
Defining the inverse of a One To One relation
Now that we can access the Phone
model from our User
. Let's do the opposite and define a relationship on the Phone
model that will let us access the User
that owns the phone. We can define the inverse of a hasOne
relationship using the $belongsTo
property:
class Phone extends Model
{
public $belongsTo = [
'user' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\User'
];
}
In the example above, the model will try to match the user_id
from the Phone
model to an id
on the User
model. It determines the default foreign key name by examining the name of the relationship definition and suffixing the name with _id
. However, if the foreign key on the Phone
model is not user_id
, you may pass a custom key name using the key
parameter on the definition:
public $belongsTo = [
'user' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\User', 'key' => 'my_user_id']
];
If your parent model does not use id
as its primary key, or you wish to join the child model to a different column, you may pass the otherKey
parameter to the definition specifying your parent table's custom key:
public $belongsTo = [
'user' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\User', 'key' => 'my_user_id', 'otherKey' => 'my_id']
];
Default models
The belongsTo
relationship lets you define a default model that will be returned if the given relationship is null
. This pattern is often referred to as the Null Object pattern and can help remove conditional checks in your code. In the following example, the user
relation will return an empty Acme\Blog\Models\User
model if no user
is attached to the post:
public $belongsTo = [
'user' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\User', 'default' => true]
];
To populate the default model with attributes, you may pass an array to the default
parameter:
public $belongsTo = [
'user' => [
'Acme\Blog\Models\User',
'default' => ['name' => 'Guest']
]
];
One To Many
A one-to-many relationship is used to define relationships where a single model owns any amount of other models. For example, a blog post may have an infinite number of comments. Like all other relationships, one-to-many relationships are defined adding an entry to the $hasMany
property on your model:
class Post extends Model
{
public $hasMany = [
'comments' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\Comment'
];
}
Remember, the model will automatically determine the proper foreign key column on the Comment
model. By convention, it will take the "snake case" name of the owning model and suffix it with _id
. So for this example, we can assume the foreign key on the Comment
model is post_id
.
Once the relationship has been defined, we can access the collection of comments by accessing the comments
property. Remember, since the model provides "dynamic properties", we can access relationships as if they were defined as properties on the model:
$comments = Post::find(1)->comments;
foreach ($comments as $comment) {
//
}
Of course, since all relationships also serve as query builders, you can add further constraints to which comments are retrieved by calling the comments
method and continuing to chain conditions onto the query:
$comments = Post::find(1)->comments()->where('title', 'foo')->first();
Like the hasOne
relation, you may also override the foreign and local keys by passing the key
and otherKey
parameters on the definition respectively:
public $hasMany = [
'comments' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Comment', 'key' => 'my_post_id', 'otherKey' => 'my_id']
];
Defining the inverse of a One To Many relation
Now that we can access all of a post's comments, let's define a relationship to allow a comment to access its parent post. To define the inverse of a hasMany
relationship, define the $belongsTo
property on the child model:
class Comment extends Model
{
public $belongsTo = [
'post' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\Post'
];
}
Once the relationship has been defined, we can retrieve the Post
model for a Comment
by accessing the post
"dynamic property":
$comment = Comment::find(1);
echo $comment->post->title;
In the example above, the model will try to match the post_id
from the Comment
model to an id
on the Post
model. It determines the default foreign key name by examining the name of the relationship and suffixing it with _id
. However, if the foreign key on the Comment
model is not post_id
, you may pass a custom key name using the key
parameter:
public $belongsTo = [
'post' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Post', 'key' => 'my_post_id']
];
If your parent model does not use id
as its primary key, or you wish to join the child model to a different column, you may pass the otherKey
parameter to the definition specifying your parent table's custom key:
public $belongsTo = [
'post' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Post', 'key' => 'my_post_id', 'otherKey' => 'my_id']
];
Many To Many
Many-to-many relations are slightly more complicated than hasOne
and hasMany
relationships. An example of such a relationship is a user with many roles, where the roles are also shared by other users. For example, many users may have the role of "Admin". To define this relationship, three database tables are needed: users
, roles
, and role_user
. The role_user
table is derived from the alphabetical order of the related model names, and contains the user_id
and role_id
columns.
Below is an example that shows the database table structure used to create the join table.
Schema::create('role_user', function($table)
{
$table->integer('user_id')->unsigned();
$table->integer('role_id')->unsigned();
$table->primary(['user_id', 'role_id']);
});
Many-to-many relationships are defined adding an entry to the $belongsToMany
property on your model class. For example, let's define the roles
method on our User
model:
class User extends Model
{
public $belongsToMany = [
'roles' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\Role'
];
}
Once the relationship is defined, you may access the user's roles using the roles
dynamic property:
$user = User::find(1);
foreach ($user->roles as $role) {
//
}
Of course, like all other relationship types, you may call the roles
method to continue chaining query constraints onto the relationship:
$roles = User::find(1)->roles()->orderBy('name')->get();
As mentioned previously, to determine the table name of the relationship's joining table, the model will join the two related model names in alphabetical order. However, you are free to override this convention. You may do so by passing the table
parameter to the belongsToMany
definition:
public $belongsToMany = [
'roles' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Role', 'table' => 'acme_blog_role_user']
];
In addition to customizing the name of the joining table, you may also customize the column names of the keys on the table by passing additional parameters to the belongsToMany
definition. The key
parameter is the foreign key name of the model on which you are defining the relationship, while the otherKey
parameter is the foreign key name of the model that you are joining to:
public $belongsToMany = [
'roles' => [
'Acme\Blog\Models\Role',
'table' => 'acme_blog_role_user',
'key' => 'my_user_id',
'otherKey' => 'my_role_id'
]
];
Defining the inverse of the relationship
To define the inverse of a many-to-many relationship, you simply place another $belongsToMany
property on your related model. To continue our user roles example, let's define the users
relationship on the Role
model:
class Role extends Model
{
public $belongsToMany = [
'users' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\User'
];
}
As you can see, the relationship is defined exactly the same as its User
counterpart, with the exception of simply referencing the Acme\Blog\Models\User
model. Since we're reusing the $belongsToMany
property, all of the usual table and key customization options are available when defining the inverse of many-to-many relationships.
Retrieving intermediate table columns
As you have already learned, working with many-to-many relations requires the presence of an intermediate join table. Models provide some very helpful ways of interacting with this table. For example, let's assume our User
object has many Role
objects that it is related to. After accessing this relationship, we may access the intermediate table using the pivot
attribute on the models:
$user = User::find(1);
foreach ($user->roles as $role) {
echo $role->pivot->created_at;
}
Notice that each Role
model we retrieve is automatically assigned a pivot
attribute. This attribute contains a model representing the intermediate table, and may be used like any other model.
By default, only the model keys will be present on the pivot
object. If your pivot table contains extra attributes, you must specify them when defining the relationship:
public $belongsToMany = [
'roles' => [
'Acme\Blog\Models\Role',
'pivot' => ['column1', 'column2']
]
];
If you want your pivot table to have automatically maintained created_at
and updated_at
timestamps, use the timestamps
parameter on the relationship definition:
public $belongsToMany = [
'roles' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Role', 'timestamps' => true]
];
These are the parameters supported for belongsToMany
relations:
Argument | Description |
---|---|
table |
the name of the join table. |
key |
the key column name of the defining model (inside pivot table). Default value is combined from model name and _id suffix, i.e. user_id |
parentKey |
the key column name of the defining model (inside defining model table). Default: id |
otherKey |
the key column name of the related model (inside pivot table). Default value is combined from model name and _id suffix, i.e. role_id |
relatedKey |
the key column name of the related model (inside related model table). Default: id |
pivot |
an array of pivot columns found in the join table, attributes are available via $model->pivot . |
pivotModel |
specify a custom model class to return when accessing the pivot relation. Defaults to Winter\Storm\Database\Pivot . Note: pivot still needs to be defined in order to include the pivot columns in any database queries. |
timestamps |
if true, the join table should contain created_at and updated_at columns. Default: false |
Has Many Through
The has-many-through relationship provides a convenient short-cut for accessing distant relations via an intermediate relation. For example, a Country
model might have many Post
models through an intermediate User
model. In this example, you could easily gather all blog posts for a given country. Let's look at the tables required to define this relationship:
countries
id - integer
name - string
users
id - integer
country_id - integer
name - string
posts
id - integer
user_id - integer
title - string
Though posts
does not contain a country_id
column, the hasManyThrough
relation provides access to a country's posts via $country->posts
. To perform this query, the model inspects the country_id
on the intermediate users
table. After finding the matching user IDs, they are used to query the posts
table.
Now that we have examined the table structure for the relationship, let's define it on the Country
model:
class Country extends Model
{
public $hasManyThrough = [
'posts' => [
'Acme\Blog\Models\Post',
'through' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\User'
],
];
}
The first argument passed to the $hasManyThrough
relation is the name of the final model we wish to access, while the through
parameter is the name of the intermediate model.
Typical foreign key conventions will be used when performing the relationship's queries. If you would like to customize the keys of the relationship, you may pass them as the key
, otherKey
and throughKey
parameters to the $hasManyThrough
definition. The key
parameter is the name of the foreign key on the intermediate model, the throughKey
parameter is the name of the foreign key on the final model, while the otherKey
is the local key.
public $hasManyThrough = [
'posts' => [
'Acme\Blog\Models\Post',
'key' => 'my_country_id',
'through' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\User',
'throughKey' => 'my_user_id',
'otherKey' => 'my_id'
],
];
Has One Through
The has-one-through relationship links models through a single intermediate relation. For example, if each supplier has one user, and each user is associated with one user history record, then the supplier model may access the user's history through the user. Let's look at the database tables necessary to define this relationship:
users
id - integer
supplier_id - integer
suppliers
id - integer
history
id - integer
user_id - integer
Though the history
table does not contain a supplier_id
column, the hasOneThrough
relation can provide access to the user's history to the supplier model. Now that we have examined the table structure for the relationship, let's define it on the Supplier
model:
class Supplier extends Model
{
public $hasOneThrough = [
'userHistory' => [
'Acme\Supplies\Model\History',
'through' => 'Acme\Supplies\Model\User'
],
];
}
The first array parameter passed to the $hasOneThrough
property is the name of the final model we wish to access, while the through
key is the name of the intermediate model.
Typical foreign key conventions will be used when performing the relationship's queries. If you would like to customize the keys of the relationship, you may pass them as the key
, otherKey
and throughKey
parameters to the $hasManyThrough
definition. The key
parameter is the name of the foreign key on the intermediate model, the throughKey
parameter is the name of the foreign key on the final model, while the otherKey
is the local key.
public $hasOneThrough = [
'userHistory' => [
'Acme\Supplies\Model\History',
'key' => 'supplier_id',
'through' => 'Acme\Supplies\Model\User'
'throughKey' => 'user_id',
'otherKey' => 'id'
],
];
Polymorphic relations
Polymorphic relations allow a model to belong to more than one other model on a single association.
One To One (Polymorphic)
A one-to-one polymorphic relation is similar to a simple one-to-one relation; however, the target model can belong to more than one type of model on a single association. For example, imagine you want to store photos for your staff members and for your products. Using polymorphic relationships, you can use a single photos
table for both of these scenarios. First, let's examine the table structure required to build this relationship:
staff
id - integer
name - string
products
id - integer
price - integer
photos
id - integer
path - string
imageable_id - integer
imageable_type - string
Two important columns to note are the imageable_id
and imageable_type
columns on the photos
table. The imageable_id
column will contain the ID value of the owning staff or product, while the imageable_type
column will contain the class name of the owning model. The imageable_type
column is how the ORM determines which "type" of owning model to return when accessing the imageable
relation.
Next, let's examine the model definitions needed to build this relationship:
class Photo extends Model
{
public $morphTo = [
'imageable' => []
];
}
class Staff extends Model
{
public $morphOne = [
'photo' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Photo', 'name' => 'imageable']
];
}
class Product extends Model
{
public $morphOne = [
'photo' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Photo', 'name' => 'imageable']
];
}
Retrieving Polymorphic relations
Once your database table and models are defined, you may access the relationships via your models. For example, to access the photo for a staff member, we can simply use the photo
dynamic property:
$staff = Staff::find(1);
$photo = $staff->photo;
You may also retrieve the owner of a polymorphic relation from the polymorphic model by accessing the name of the morphTo
relationship. In our case, that is the imageable
definition on the Photo
model. So, we will access it as a dynamic property:
$photo = Photo::find(1);
$imageable = $photo->imageable;
The imageable
relation on the Photo
model will return either a Staff
or Product
instance, depending on which type of model owns the photo.
One To Many (Polymorphic)
A one-to-many polymorphic relation is similar to a simple one-to-many relation; however, the target model can belong to more than one type of model on a single association. For example, imagine users of your application can "comment" on both posts and videos. Using polymorphic relationships, you may use a single comments
table for both of these scenarios. First, let's examine the table structure required to build this relationship:
posts
id - integer
title - string
body - text
videos
id - integer
title - string
url - string
comments
id - integer
body - text
commentable_id - integer
commentable_type - string
Next, let's examine the model definitions needed to build this relationship:
class Comment extends Model
{
public $morphTo = [
'commentable' => []
];
}
class Post extends Model
{
public $morphMany = [
'comments' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Comment', 'name' => 'commentable']
];
}
class Product extends Model
{
public $morphMany = [
'comments' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Comment', 'name' => 'commentable']
];
}
Retrieving The Relationship
Once your database table and models are defined, you may access the relationships via your models. For example, to access all of the comments for a post, we can use the comments
dynamic property:
$post = Author\Plugin\Models\Post::find(1);
foreach ($post->comments as $comment) {
//
}
You may also retrieve the owner of a polymorphic relation from the polymorphic model by accessing the name of the morphTo
relationship. In our case, that is the commentable
definition on the Comment
model. So, we will access it as a dynamic property:
$comment = Author\Plugin\Models\Comment::find(1);
$commentable = $comment->commentable;
The commentable
relation on the Comment
model will return either a Post
or Video
instance, depending on which type of model owns the comment.
You are also able to update the owner of the related model by setting the attribute with the name of the morphTo
relationship, in this case commentable
.
$comment = Author\Plugin\Models\Comment::find(1);
$video = Author\Plugin\Models\Video::find(1);
$comment->commentable = $video;
$comment->save();
Many To Many (Polymorphic)
In addition to "one-to-one" and "one-to-many" relations, you may also define "many-to-many" polymorphic relations. For example, a blog Post
and Video
model could share a polymorphic relation to a Tag
model. Using a many-to-many polymorphic relation allows you to have a single list of unique tags that are shared across blog posts and videos. First, let's examine the table structure:
posts
id - integer
name - string
videos
id - integer
name - string
tags
id - integer
name - string
taggables
tag_id - integer
taggable_id - integer
taggable_type - string
Next, we're ready to define the relationships on the model. The Post
and Video
models will both have a tags
relation defined in the $morphToMany
property on the base model class:
class Post extends Model
{
public $morphToMany = [
'tags' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Tag', 'name' => 'taggable']
];
}
Defining the inverse of a Many To Many (Polymorphic) relationship
Next, on the Tag
model, you should define a relation for each of its related models. So, for this example, we will define a posts
relation and a videos
relation:
class Tag extends Model
{
public $morphedByMany = [
'posts' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Post', 'name' => 'taggable'],
'videos' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Video', 'name' => 'taggable']
];
}
Retrieving the relationship
Once your database table and models are defined, you may access the relationships via your models. For example, to access all of the tags for a post, you can simply use the tags
dynamic property:
$post = Post::find(1);
foreach ($post->tags as $tag) {
//
}
You may also retrieve the owner of a polymorphic relation from the polymorphic model by accessing the name of the relationship defined in the $morphedByMany
property. In our case, that is the posts
or videos
methods on the Tag
model. So, you will access those relations as dynamic properties:
$tag = Tag::find(1);
foreach ($tag->videos as $video) {
//
}
Custom Polymorphic types
By default, the fully qualified class name is used to store the related model type. For instance, given the example above where a Photo
may belong to Staff
or a Product
, the default imageable_type
value is either Acme\Blog\Models\Staff
or Acme\Blog\Models\Product
respectively.
Using a custom polymorphic type lets you decouple your database from your application's internal structure. You may define a relationship "morph map" to provide a custom name for each model instead of the class name:
use Winter\Storm\Database\Relations\Relation;
Relation::morphMap([
'staff' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\Staff',
'product' => 'Acme\Blog\Models\Product',
]);
The most common place to register the morphMap
in the boot
method of a Plugin registration file.
Querying relations
Since all types of Model relationships can be called via functions, you may call those functions to obtain an instance of the relationship without actually executing the relationship queries. In addition, all types of relationships also serve as query builders, allowing you to continue to chain constraints onto the relationship query before finally executing the SQL against your database.
For example, imagine a blog system in which a User
model has many associated Post
models:
class User extends Model
{
public $hasMany = [
'posts' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Post']
];
}
Access via relationship method
You may query the posts relationship and add additional constraints to the relationship using the posts
method. This gives you the ability to chain any of the query builder methods on the relationship.
$user = User::find(1);
$posts = $user->posts()->where('is_active', 1)->get();
$post = $user->posts()->first();
Access via dynamic property
If you do not need to add additional constraints to a relationship query, you may simply access the relationship as if it were a property. For example, continuing to use our User
and Post
example models, we may access all of a user's posts using the $user->posts
property instead.
$user = User::find(1);
foreach ($user->posts as $post) {
// ...
}
Dynamic properties are "lazy loading", meaning they will only load their relationship data when you actually access them. Because of this, developers often use eager loading to pre-load relationships they know will be accessed after loading the model. Eager loading provides a significant reduction in SQL queries that must be executed to load a model's relations.
Querying relationship existence
When accessing the records for a model, you may wish to limit your results based on the existence of a relationship. For example, imagine you want to retrieve all blog posts that have at least one comment. To do so, you may pass the name of the relationship to the has
method:
// Retrieve all posts that have at least one comment...
$posts = Post::has('comments')->get();
You may also specify an operator and count to further customize the query:
// Retrieve all posts that have three or more comments...
$posts = Post::has('comments', '>=', 3)->get();
Nested has
statements may also be constructed using "dot" notation. For example, you may retrieve all posts that have at least one comment and vote:
// Retrieve all posts that have at least one comment with votes...
$posts = Post::has('comments.votes')->get();
If you need even more power, you may use the whereHas
and orWhereHas
methods to put "where" conditions on your has
queries. These methods allow you to add customized constraints to a relationship constraint, such as checking the content of a comment:
// Retrieve all posts with at least one comment containing words like foo%
$posts = Post::whereHas('comments', function ($query) {
$query->where('content', 'like', 'foo%');
})->get();
Eager loading
When accessing relationships as properties, the relationship data is "lazy loaded". This means the relationship data is not actually loaded until you first access the property. However, models can "eager load" relationships at the time you query the parent model. Eager loading alleviates the N + 1 query problem. To illustrate the N + 1 query problem, consider a Book
model that is related to Author
:
class Book extends Model
{
public $belongsTo = [
'author' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Author']
];
}
Now let's retrieve all books and their authors:
$books = Book::all();
foreach ($books as $book) {
echo $book->author->name;
}
This loop will execute 1 query to retrieve all of the books on the table, then another query for each book to retrieve the author. So, if we have 25 books, this loop would run 26 queries: 1 for the original book, and 25 additional queries to retrieve the author of each book.
Thankfully we can use eager loading to reduce this operation to just 2 queries. When querying, you may specify which relationships should be eager loaded using the with
method:
$books = Book::with('author')->get();
foreach ($books as $book) {
echo $book->author->name;
}
For this operation only two queries will be executed:
select * from books
select * from authors where id in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...)
Eager loading multiple relationships
Sometimes you may need to eager load several different relationships in a single operation. To do so, just pass additional arguments to the with
method:
$books = Book::with('author', 'publisher')->get();
Nested eager loading
To eager load nested relationships, you may use "dot" syntax. For example, let's eager load all of the book's authors and all of the author's personal contacts in one statement:
$books = Book::with('author.contacts')->get();
Constraining eager loads
Sometimes you may wish to eager load a relationship, but also specify additional query constraints for the eager loading query. Here's an example:
$users = User::with([
'posts' => function ($query) {
$query->where('title', 'like', '%first%');
}
])->get();
In this example, the model will only eager load posts if the post's title
column contains the word first
. Of course, you may call other query builder methods to further customize the eager loading operation:
$users = User::with([
'posts' => function ($query) {
$query->orderBy('created_at', 'desc');
}
])->get();
Lazy eager loading
Sometimes you may need to eager load a relationship after the parent model has already been retrieved. For example, this may be useful if you need to dynamically decide whether to load related models:
$books = Book::all();
if ($someCondition) {
$books->load('author', 'publisher');
}
If you need to set additional query constraints on the eager loading query, you may pass a Closure
to the load
method:
$books->load([
'author' => function ($query) {
$query->orderBy('published_date', 'asc');
}
]);
Inserting related models
Just like you would query a relationship, Winter supports defining a relationship using a method or dynamic property approach. For example, perhaps you need to insert a new Comment
for a Post
model. Instead of manually setting the post_id
attribute on the Comment
, you may insert the Comment
directly from the relationship.
Insert via relationship method
Winter provides convenient methods for adding new models to relationships. Primarily models can be added to a relationship or removed from a relationship. In each case the relationship is associated or disassociated respectively.
Add method
Use the add
method to associate a new relationship.
$comment = new Comment(['message' => 'A new comment.']);
$post = Post::find(1);
$comment = $post->comments()->add($comment);
Notice that we did not access the comments
relationship as a dynamic property. Instead, we called the comments
method to obtain an instance of the relationship. The add
method will automatically add the appropriate post_id
value to the new Comment
model.
If you need to save multiple related models, you may use the addMany
method:
$post = Post::find(1);
$post->comments()->addMany([
new Comment(['message' => 'A new comment.']),
new Comment(['message' => 'Another comment.']),
]);
Remove method
Comparatively, the remove
method can be used to disassociate a relationship, making it an orphaned record.
$post->comments()->remove($comment);
In the case of many-to-many relations, the record is removed from the relationship's collection instead.
$post->categories()->remove($category);
In the case of a "belongs to" relationship, you may use the dissociate
method, which doesn't require the related model passed to it.
$post->author()->dissociate();
Adding with pivot data
When working with a many-to-many relationship, the add
method accepts an array of additional intermediate "pivot" table attributes as its second argument as an array.
$user = User::find(1);
$pivotData = ['expires' => $expires];
$user->roles()->add($role, $pivotData);
The second argument of the add
method can also specify the session key used by deferred binding when passed as a string. In these cases the pivot data can be provided as the third argument instead.
$user->roles()->add($role, $sessionKey, $pivotData);
Create method
While add
and addMany
accept a full model instance, you may also use the create
method, that accepts a PHP array of attributes, creates a model, and inserts it into the database.
$post = Post::find(1);
$comment = $post->comments()->create([
'message' => 'A new comment.',
]);
Before using the create
method, be sure to review the documentation on attribute mass assignment as the attributes in the PHP array are restricted by the model's "fillable" definition.
Insert via dynamic property
Relationships can be set directly via their properties in the same way you would access them. Setting a relationship using this approach will overwrite any relationship that existed previously. The model should be saved afterwards like you would with any attribute.
$post->author = $author;
$post->comments = [$comment1, $comment2];
$post->save();
Alternatively you may set the relationship using the primary key, this is useful when working with HTML forms.
// Assign to author with ID of 3
$post->author = 3;
// Assign comments with IDs of 1, 2 and 3
$post->comments = [1, 2, 3];
$post->save();
Relationships can be disassociated by assigning the NULL value to the property.
$post->author = null;
$post->comments = null;
$post->save();
Similar to deferred binding, relationships defined on non-existent models are deferred in memory until they are saved. In this example the post does not exist yet, so the post_id
attribute cannot be set on the comment via $post->comments
. Therefore the association is deferred until the post is created by calling the save
method.
$comment = Comment::find(1);
$post = new Post;
$post->comments = [$comment];
$post->save();
Many To Many relations
Attaching / Detaching
When working with many-to-many relationships, Models provide a few additional helper methods to make working with related models more convenient. For example, let's imagine a user can have many roles and a role can have many users. To attach a role to a user by inserting a record in the intermediate table that joins the models, use the attach
method:
$user = User::find(1);
$user->roles()->attach($roleId);
When attaching a relationship to a model, you may also pass an array of additional data to be inserted into the intermediate table:
$user->roles()->attach($roleId, ['expires' => $expires]);
Of course, sometimes it may be necessary to remove a role from a user. To remove a many-to-many relationship record, use the detach
method. The detach
method will remove the appropriate record out of the intermediate table; however, both models will remain in the database:
// Detach a single role from the user...
$user->roles()->detach($roleId);
// Detach all roles from the user...
$user->roles()->detach();
For convenience, attach
and detach
also accept arrays of IDs as input:
$user = User::find(1);
$user->roles()->detach([1, 2, 3]);
$user->roles()->attach([1 => ['expires' => $expires], 2, 3]);
Syncing For convenience
You may also use the sync
method to construct many-to-many associations. The sync
method accepts an array of IDs to place on the intermediate table. Any IDs that are not in the given array will be removed from the intermediate table. So, after this operation is complete, only the IDs in the array will exist in the intermediate table:
$user->roles()->sync([1, 2, 3]);
You may also pass additional intermediate table values with the IDs:
$user->roles()->sync([1 => ['expires' => true], 2, 3]);
Touching parent timestamps
When a model belongsTo
or belongsToMany
another model, such as a Comment
which belongs to a Post
, it is sometimes helpful to update the parent's timestamp when the child model is updated. For example, when a Comment
model is updated, you may want to automatically "touch" the updated_at
timestamp of the owning Post
. Just add a touches
property containing the names of the relationships to the child model:
class Comment extends Model
{
/**
* All of the relationships to be touched.
*/
protected $touches = ['post'];
/**
* Relations
*/
public $belongsTo = [
'post' => ['Acme\Blog\Models\Post']
];
}
Now, when you update a Comment
, the owning Post
will have its updated_at
column updated as well:
$comment = Comment::find(1);
$comment->text = 'Edit to this comment!';
$comment->save();
Deferred binding
Deferred bindings allows you to postpone model relationships binding until the master record commits the changes. This is particularly useful if you need to prepare some models (such as file uploads) and associate them to another model that doesn't exist yet.
You can defer any number of slave models against a master model using a session key. When the master record is saved along with the session key, the relationships to slave records are updated automatically for you. Deferred bindings are supported in the backend Form behavior automatically, but you may want to use this feature in other places.
Generating a session key
The session key is required for deferred bindings. You can think of a session key as of a transaction identifier. The same session key should be used for binding/unbinding relationships and saving the master model. You can generate the session key with PHP uniqid()
function. Note that both backend forms and the frontend form()
function generates a hidden field containing the session key automatically.
$sessionKey = uniqid('session_key', true);
Defer a relation binding
The comment in the next example will not be added to the post unless the post is saved.
$comment = new Comment;
$comment->content = "Hello world!";
$comment->save();
$post = new Post;
$post->comments()->add($comment, $sessionKey);
NOTE: the
$post
object has not been saved but the relationship will be created if the saving happens.
Defer a relation unbinding
The comment in the next example will not be deleted unless the post is saved.
$comment = Comment::find(1);
$post = Post::find(1);
$post->comments()->remove($comment, $sessionKey);
List all bindings
Use the withDeferred
method of a relation to load all records, including deferred. The results will include existing relations as well.
$post->comments()->withDeferred($sessionKey)->get();
Cancel all bindings
It's a good idea to cancel deferred binding and delete the slave objects rather than leaving them as orphans.
$post->cancelDeferred($sessionKey);
Commit all bindings
You can commit (bind or unbind) all deferred bindings when you save the master model by providing the session key with the second argument of the save
method.
$post = new Post;
$post->title = "First blog post";
$post->save(null, $sessionKey);
The same approach works with the model's create
method:
$post = Post::create(['title' => 'First blog post'], $sessionKey);
Lazily commit bindings
If you are unable to supply the $sessionKey
when saving, you can commit the bindings at any time using the the next code:
$post->commitDeferred($sessionKey);
Clean up orphaned bindings
Destroys all bindings that have not been committed and are older than 1 day:
Winter\Storm\Database\Models\DeferredBinding::cleanUp(1);
NOTE: Winter automatically destroys deferred bindings that are older than 5 days. It happens when a backend user logs into the system.
Disable Deferred Binding
Sometimes you might need to disable deferred binding entirely for a given model, for instance if you are loading it from a separate database connection. In order to do that, you need to make sure that the model's sessionKey
property is null
before the pre and post deferred binding hooks in the internal save method are run. To do that, you can bind to the model's model.saveInternal
event:
public function __construct(array $attributes = [])
{
$result = parent::__construct($attributes);
$this->bindEvent('model.saveInternal', function () {
$this->sessionKey = null;
});
return $result;
}
NOTE: This will disable deferred binding entirely for any model's you apply this override to.